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Conflicts of interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest. Authors' contribution: BDH (study concept and design, analysis and interpretation of data, study supervision); DD (data collection); KW (data collection); MB (analysis and interpretation of data; statistical analysis). This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Background and aims: Extensive research has shown that Titan Rise Male Enhancement bodybuilders are at high risk for exercise dependence, but few studies have measured these variables in female bodybuilders. Prior research has postulated that muscular dysmorphia was more prevalent in men than women, but several qualitative studies of female bodybuilders have indicated that female bodybuilders show the same body image concerns. Only one study has compared female bodybuilders with control recreational female lifters on eating behaviors, body image, shape pre-occupation, body dissatisfaction, and steroid use. The purpose of this study was to compare exercise dependence and muscle dysmorphia measures between groups of female weight lifters. |
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